National Anthem - The Star Spangled Banner. The text was immediately set to a popular melody of. On almost. every occasion only the first verse is sung. Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light. What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight,O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air,Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star- spangled banner yet wave. O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave? On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses? Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,In full glory reflected now shines in the stream: 'Tis the star- spangled banner! Oh long may it wave. National Anthem -Lesson Plans National Anthem Day and Constitution Day are both celebrated in September. In this lesson packet, are. Star Spangled Banner - MP3, Midi, and Wave files. Old Recordings at the Library of Congress Performed by the The Diamond Four, ca.1898 Star Spangled Banner - MP3 Star Spangled Banner - Real Player Performed by the The Haydn.
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The End of The Counterterrorism Blog By Douglas Farah. To Our Readers: Thank you for your faithful readership through the past five years. Over its short run, the Counterterrorism Blog served an important role both as a. Latest environmental news, features and updates. Pictures, video and more. Counterterrorism Blog March 1. The End of The Counterterrorism Blog. By Douglas Farah. To Our Readers: Thank you for your faithful readership through the past five years. Over its short run, the Counterterrorism Blog served an important role both as a leading terrorism news and information aggregator and as a site where noted practitioner- experts presented commentary and analysis. This combined to make the site a regular “one- stop” bookmark for the interested public, media and policy community at a crucial time. CTB has had a remarkable run, and a tremendous impact – in addition to being visited over 8. Dane Wigington geoengineeringwatch.org. We are all swimming in a sea of lies and deception, but this carefully constructed paradigm (that has been put together by the global elite over a vast expanse of many decades or longer. Because I 100% suspects someone of wall hacking a couple games ago, and conveniently it is the only game I can't download and watch. Our entire team reported him, especially after the numerous headshot wall bangs with the. GTA: San Andreas, free download. GTA: San Andreas 1.0.3: The third part of the classic GTA series. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas is the third 3D game in the GTA series, taking the action from Vice City's. For new shows & free mermaid tails & tops contests go to our youtube channel mermaid miracles & click subscribe :) maya, ashley, and chad continue their search for their parents and the tempest, only to find themselves farther. Counter-Strike 1.0 Edit November 8, 2000 Mod, retail and server-side release. Gameplay changes: Incorporated Valve's model blending technology. Interface changes: New menu background. Map changes: Updated. Find the latest business news on Wall Street, jobs and the economy, the housing market, personal finance and money investments and much more on ABC News.CTB spurred news stories, held Congressional briefings, embedded reporters in war zones, and informed the policy debate – even earning a negative review from Al Qaeda! As the world has changed and the terrorism community has evolved so has the ability of the volunteer contributing experts on the Counterterrorism Blog to dedicate their time and energy to this enterprise. In light of this, the Board has made the decision to discontinue publishing here. In addition to their other policy, professional, publishing, teaching and research responsibilities, many of the CTB’s former contributing experts will be posting on other blogs and can continue to be read. But knowing that the nations in the Middle East are ripe for turmoil is hardly news, but the critical questions are when, where, and why. One such internal assessment, completed in mid- February, focused on differences between various types of Islamist movements that promote Islamic law in government. Such a review is timely, commendable, and appears to be asking some of the right questions. That, however, is no guarantee it will reach the right conclusions. To be sure, significant ideological differences separate al- Qaeda from the likes of the Muslim Brotherhood, not the least of which is the sharp contrast between al- Qaeda's distaste for national boundaries in it quest for an Islamic Caliphate and the Muslim Brotherhood's ability to mold its Islamist ideology to the specific nationalist contexts of each country in which it is present. And yet, the Brotherhood's Islamist, illiberal ideology includes tenets that raise significant questions about its qualifications as a partner in the democratic process. The threshold for partnership cannot simply be that a group is not quite as extreme or violent as al- Qaeda. The full article is available here March 2, 2. Asserting Liberal Values: The Future of British and U. S. Counterradicalization Strategies. By Matthew Levitt. Radicalization lies at the intersection of grievance and ideology. However, grievances are ever- present and very few individuals choose to act upon them. Ideology, on the other hand, offers a blueprint for action that mobilizes potential terrorists. A key criticism of the British Prevent strategy has focused on its failure to recognize the importance of ideology in the radicalization process, as evidenced by partnerships with nonviolent Islamist organizations. Though many of these groups reject violence against the UK itself, they are either silent about or even supportive of attacks against Israel or coalition troops in Iraq. Counterradicalization efforts cannot be effective when partnerships are made with those who explicitly reject liberal values. And we must not forget that extremist ideology calling for violence in the name of Islam presents the most pressing terrorist threat to the West. Whether advocated by violent or nonviolent extremists, such radical ideology promotes a worldview at odds with the fundamental principles of Western society and must be contested. American society has a fundamental discomfort with the government dictating acceptable versus unacceptable ideas. Freedom of speech and religion are arguably the most cherished values in the United States. This position stands in stark contrast with legal and societal norms in the UK or the Netherlands, where distribution of terrorist literature can be investigated and the drafters jailed for creating a threat to national social cohesion. Therefore, in keeping with American values, the United States must develop a strategy that confronts the ideology head- on. While the state cannot act as thought police, it can offer and amplify an abundance of voices, thereby dispelling the notion that Islamist ideology offers the only solution to one's problems and, in effect, limiting its appeal. Without banning extremist (but protected) speech, the government can and must take action to contest extremist ideas and undercut their attraction. Lacking a version of Britain's Communities and Local Government Department, the United States must immediately develop a roadmap delineating the responsibilities of agencies and departments - - federal, state, and local - - in addressing local grievances, engaging immigrant communities, and contesting extremist ideologies. The last of these items remains the missing link in an otherwise robust effort by the United States to foster social cohesion and counter violent extremism. For the full summary of this event, which also featured Mark Williams, first secretary for justice and home affairs at the British embassy in Washington, DC., and Mr. Seamus Hughes, a professional staff member on the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee see here. The slain minister was in charge of minority affairs and a vocal critic of Pakistan's blasphemy law. The only Christian face of present PPP led coalition government Bhatti was known for his views against the blasphemy law. Soon after the killing, Taliban spokesman Ihsanullah Ihsan said that . Qadri confessed during interrogation that he killed the governor for his views against the blasphemy law. Shahbaz Bhatti was the second high- ranking official killed by Islaimic radicals in the country due to the blasphemy law. The blasphemy law, which is part of the constitution of Pakistan as the Criminal Code, (See esp. The Criminal Code provides penalties for blasphemy ranging from a fine to death. See the video speech in which he said that Taliban could kill him for his stance on the Blasphemy law. They reportedly will arrive at a Syrian port in a few days. The passage of Iranian warships into the Mediterranean is rightfully viewed, in itself, as a provocative act by Israel and by NATO naval forces. UN Security Council Resolution 1. March 2. 00. 7) prohibits Iran from “supply(ing), sell(ing), or transfer(ing) directly or indirectly .. The Israeli navy seized 5. Katyusha rockets, mortars, bullets, and grenades concealed aboard the ship in containers belonging to the Iranian shipping line. This is believed to be only one of many occurences involving illicit shipments of Iranian origin arms in violation of UN sanctions. Canal authorities have indicated that they have obtained assurances from the Iranians that neither Iranian warship carries nuclear or chemical related cargoes, but, no attempt will be made to inspect either ship. Such items might well be destined for Syria, Hizbollah and Hamas, or elsewhere where it might do harm to US or Israeli interests. And, Syria is a well known transit point for forwarding sanction contraband items to Iran. It has also served, in the past, as a transhipment point for North Korean contriband items into the region and to Iran. UN Security Council Resolution 1. June 2. 01. 0) spells out a maritime interdiction system which calls upon all countries to inspect suspect cargoes in their harbor or, with the flag states permission, on the high seas. But, it is highly doubtful that such an interdiction regime could or would be applied to these Iranian warships. Kraft. The demonstrations shaking Arab governments raise questions not only about the political future of Tunisia, Egypt and possibly Jordan and Yemen but also the specterof increased future terrorism that could trigger U. S. I describe the background and the possible impact on Lebanon, a potential Palestinian state and perhaps other governments, in this opinion piece on CNN’s web site today. OPINION/0. 2/0. 3/kraft. In Lebanon, Hezbollah, designated under U. S. The “state within a state” fired large numbers of rockets against Israel in the 2. Iran’s help, has built up a huge arsenal of thousands of missiles. Many are long range, capable of reaching Israel’s cities. Will a Hezbollah dominated government continue to engage in terrorist actions as well as giving sanctuary to other terrorists? It remains to be seen what kind of role the Muslim Brotherhood will play and whether the non- violence profile it adopted in recent years was a matter of pragmatism - -because of the Mubarak regime’s police and prisons- - or principle. Jordan, like Egypt has done a good job of keeping the peace and preventing terrorists from using its territory for attacks on Israel. But if he loses control, and Islamic fundamentalist militants take over, that country could join Lebanon and Gaza in becoming a terrorist base. No half measures are accepted - - and suddenly, he is gone. The question becomes - - what next? 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A broad intellectual tradition that explains international relations mainly in terms of power. PDF File: International Relations - PDF-IR8-WWET11 2/4 International Relations INTRODUCTION This particular International Relations PDF start with Introduction, Brief Session till the Index/Glossary page, look at the table of. International institution set up to promote general economic development in the world’s poorer nations. Source: International Business: Competing In the Global Marketplace, by Charles W.L. Hill, Irwin/McGraw-Hill, 1997 F98.International relations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The field of international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides. International relations (IR) or international affairs, depending on academic institution, is either a field of political science, an interdisciplinary academic field similar to global studies, or an entirely independent academic discipline in which students take a variety of internationally focused courses in social science and humanities disciplines. In both cases, the field studies relationships between political entities (polities) such as states, sovereign states, empires, inter- governmental organizations (IGOs), international non- governmental organizations (INs), non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs), and the wider world- systems produced by this interaction. International relations is an academic and a public policy field, and so can be positive and normative, because it analyzes and formulates the foreign policy of a given State. As political activity, international relations dates from the time of the Greek historian Thucydides (c. UNESCO Nomenclature) within political science. In practice International Relations and International Affairs forms a separate academic program or field from Political Science, and the courses taught therein are highly interdisciplinary. The scope of international relations comprehends globalization, diplomatic relations, state sovereignty, international security, ecologicalsustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, as well as terrorism and organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism, and human rights, as well, as, more recently, comparative religion. History. Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the Holy Roman Empire. The French Revolution added to this the new idea that not princes or an oligarchy, but the citizenry of a state, defined as the nation, should be defined as sovereign. Such a state in which the nation is sovereign would thence be termed a nation- state (as opposed to a monarchy or a religious state). The term republic increasingly became its synonym. An alternative model of the nation- state was developed in reaction to the French republican concept by the Germans and others, who instead of giving the citizenry sovereignty, kept the princes and nobility, but defined nation- statehood in ethnic- linguistic terms, establishing the rarely if ever fulfilled ideal that all people speaking one language should belong to one state only. The same claim to sovereignty was made for both forms of nation- state. The contemporary international system was finally established through decolonization during the Cold War. However, this is somewhat over- simplified. While the nation- state system is considered . The ability of contemporary IR discourse to explain the relations of these different types of states is disputed. IR theory, however, has a long tradition of drawing on the work of other social sciences. The use of capitalizations of the . Many cite Sun Tzu's The Art of War (6th century BC), Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War (5th century BC), Chanakya's Arthashastra (4th century BC), as the inspiration for realist theory, with Hobbes' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince providing further elaboration. Similarly, liberalism draws upon the work of Kant and Rousseau, with the work of the former often being cited as the first elaboration of democratic peace theory. In the 2. 0th century, in addition to contemporary theories of liberal internationalism, Marxism has been a foundation of international relations. Study of international relations. IR emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1. IR professorship: the Woodrow Wilson Chair at Aberystwyth, University of Wales (now Aberystwyth University). Georgetown University's Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service is the oldest international relations faculty in the United States, founded in 1. In the early 1. 92. London School of Economics' department of international relations was founded at the behest of Nobel Peace Prize winner Philip Noel- Baker: this was the first institute to offer a wide range of degrees in the field. This was rapidly followed by establishment of IR at universities in the US and in Geneva, Switzerland. The creation of the posts of Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at LSE and at Oxford gave further impetus to the academic study of international relations. Furthermore, the International History department at LSE developed a focus on the history of IR in the early modern, colonial and Cold War periods. The Committee on International Relations at the University of Chicago was the first to offer a graduate degree, in 1. In 1. 96. 5, Glendon College and the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs were the first institutions in Canada to offer an undergraduate and a graduate program in international studies and affairs, respectively. In 2. 01. 2, Ramon Llull University initiated the first International Relations degree in Barcelona, fully in English. Normative theory. Positivist theories aim to replicate the methods of the natural sciences by analysing the impact of material forces. They typically focus on features of international relations such as state interactions, size of military forces, balance of powers etc. Post- positivist epistemology rejects the idea that the social world can be studied in an objective and value- free way. It rejects the central ideas of neo- realism/liberalism, such as rational choice theory, on the grounds that the scientific method cannot be applied to the social world and that a . Often, post- positivist theories explicitly promote a normative approach to IR, by considering ethics. This is something which has often been ignored under . Early realists such as E. Carr and Hans Morgenthau argued that states are self- interested, power- seeking rational actors, who seek to maximize their security and chances of survival. Similarly, any act of war must be based on self- interest, rather than on idealism. Many realists saw World War II as the vindication of their theory. Thucydides, the author of Peloponnesian War is considered to be the founding father of the realist school of political philosophy. Political realism believes that politics, like society, is governed by objective laws with roots in human nature. To improve society, it is first necessary to understand the laws by which society lives. The operation of these laws being impervious to our preferences, persons will challenge them only at the risk of failure. Realism, believing as it does in the objectivity of the laws of politics, must also believe in the possibility of developing a rational theory that reflects, however imperfectly and one- sidedly, these objective laws. It believes also, then, in the possibility of distinguishing in politics between truth and opinion. Liberalism views states, nongovernmental organizations, and intergovernmental organizations as key actors in the international system. States have many interests and are not necessarily unitary and autonomous, although they are sovereign. Liberal theory stresses interdependence among states, multinational corporations, and international institutions. Theorists such as Hedley Bull have postulated an international society in which various actors communicate and recognize common rules, institutions, and interests. Liberals also view the international system as anarchic since there is no single overarching international authority and each individual state is left to act in its own self- interest. Liberalism is historically rooted in the liberal philosophical traditions associated with Adam Smith and Immanuel Kant that posit that human nature is basically good and that individual self- interest can be harnessed by society to promote aggregate social welfare. Individuals form groups and later, states; states are generally cooperative and tend to follow international norms. Early adherents include Woodrow Wilson and Norman Angell, who argued that states mutually gained from cooperation and that war was so destructive as to be essentially futile. Proponents argue that states will cooperate irrespective of relative gains, and are thus concerned with absolute gains. This also means that nations are, in essence, free to make their own choices as to how they will go about conducting policy without any international organizations blocking a nation's right to sovereignty. Neoliberalism also contains an economic theory that is based on the use of open and free markets with little, if any, government intervention to prevent monopolies and other conglomerates from forming. The growing interdependence throughout and after the Cold War through international institutions led to neo- liberalism being defined as institutionalism, this new part of the theory being fronted by Robert Keohane and also Joseph Nye. Regime theory. It assumes that cooperation is possible in the anarchic system of states, indeed, regimes are by definition, instances of international cooperation. While realism predicts that conflict should be the norm in international relations, regime theorists say that there is cooperation despite anarchy. Often they cite cooperation in trade, human rights and collective security among other issues. These instances of cooperation are regimes. The most commonly cited definition of regimes comes from Stephen Krasner, who defines regimes as . Examples of such norms include diplomacy, order, and international law. Unlike neo- realism, it is not necessarily positivist. Theorists have focused particularly on humanitarian intervention, and are subdivided between solidarists, who tend to advocate it more, and pluralists, who place greater value in order and sovereignty. Glossary of Terms for IR(courtesy of http: //optera. Use the following glossary to help you learn the language of International. Relations. Anarchy: implies. APC Network. Association for Progressive Communications comprises more than 2. United Nationsbalance of payments. Moscow opportunities to expand its political influence abroad, to draw a. Soviets within their borders, (also see. Truman Doctrine )CSCE: Conference on. Security and Cooperation in Europe, from 1. European states (except. Albania) plus the US and Canada met to discuss regional security (now the. Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe, and one of the central. Europe. D5: denuclearization. Community to reach consensus on. Agenda 2. 1 (referring to the Twenty- First Century), a global plan of. UNCTAD: United. Nations Conference on Trade and Development: formed 1. Secretary. General Raul Prebisch: called for reform of system of international trade based. GSP and IPC (see. NIEO)war: legitimate. On this page you have access to download free IELTS material to help you with your study. Some of the material is from the site, but there are also some extra learning materials that are not on the site. 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